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Ghost Dance and Wounded Knee, 2006.
A paper on the Ghost Dance religion and its role in the Wounded Knee massacre.
6,069 words (approx. 24.3 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 143.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the Ghost Dance religion and how it spread to Native American tribes. The paper discusses the history of the Native Americans from the time of Andrew Jackson until the Wounded Knee massacre, and demonstrates how the Native Americans were pushed farther and farther westward, and eventually limited to a very small area. The paper explains how the United States army and government's fear of the Ghost Dance religion led to the Wounded Knee massacre, describing the events of the massacre, and the political issues surrounding the massacre and the Ghost Dance religion.
From the Paper
"James Mooney writes in The Ghost-Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890 that the essential part of the teaching of the Ghost Dance is the doctrine that the world is old and worn and the time is near for its renewal (Mooney 661). The Ghost Dance was an American Indian religious revivalist movement that spread through the Plains Indians and other ethnic groups during the 1890's and due to a culmination of events is forever linked to the Wounded Knee massacre of 1890 (Ghost pp)."
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"Removal of the Cherokee", 2006.
This paper looks at the forcible transfer of the Cherokee people from their lands in the United States.
1,220 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This article, glancing at the book, "The Cherokee Removal", discusses the expulsion of the Cherokee people from their homeland, making way for white Americans. The writer looks at the forcible expulsion of an ethnic and cultural group from its homeland in the United States. In the above-mentioned book, the author claims that in the end, this transfer of the Cherokee people proved to be beneficial to all concerned. This paper examines the expulsion and the writer of this article argues that this forcible removal was not in fact favorable to both groups involved. The writer maintains that the "migration of the Cherokee across the Mississippi" was perhaps not in all parties' best interests.
From the Paper
"First, the differences between late 19th century United States worldviews and those of the Cherokee are examined; a grasp of the difference between these ideals is essential to understanding the differences in each group's priorities. A few of the specific factors which the quote depends on are examined, such as the attitude of President Andrew Jackson, the potential uses of the Cherokee homelands, and objections raised by white defenders of the Indians. Finally, how these ideals affected the reality of each group-how one's notion of justice, for example, influenced one's actions, is explored."
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Puritan Colonists and American Indians, 2006.
This paper looks at the history of the Puritan colonists and the American Indian tribes.
1,830 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This article looks at the meeting of the two different cultures of the Puritan colonists and the Native Americans. The writer states that in order to understand how the Indian tribes and the colonial settlers interacted, one firstly has to understand something about the basic differences of culture and attitudes between the two different groups. One of the most important facts with regard to Native American cultures, one which many people do not realize, is that there was no Indian national unity. Rather the Indian tribes were essentially separate and went their own way; with many differences in social customs and perceptions between the different tribes. The writer describes that this explains much of the confusion and misunderstanding that took place when the two cultures met. This is especially true when it comes to the reaction of the white settlers who often saw the Indian tribes as a unified threat against their existence.
From the Paper
"On the other hand there was a very different cultural perspective from the settler's point of view. The white colonists were used to thinking in terms of national and social unity. They therefore tended to assume that the Native Americans were a unified threat and were therefore suspicious of the Indian tribes. Therefore many Native Americans would encounter hostility and fear when they first met the colonists that would also create a sense of uncertainly and suspicion among the Indians.
A further aspect that would have influenced the relationships and contacts between the two groups was the idea of private property. Generally the Native Americans did not have a concept of private property, but rather believed in sharing what they had with others. The colonists, being unaware of this different attitude, would have been suspicious and would have feared that their property was in danger."
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The Origins of Scalping, 2005.
This paper argues that the origins of ritual of scalping was not with the American Indians but with the Europeans.
2,625 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, despite the meager archaeological and anthropological findings that scalping was evident in pre-Columbian America, there is overwhelming proof that scalping originated in Europe and was imported by the Colonists to North America. The author presents the history of the long European tradition of scalping, which commenced as early as the 7th century B.C. with the Canute or Cnut, and continued throughout history even becoming entrenched in the etymology of European languages. The paper states that the Indians were not the original savages but rather the Europeans, who legitimized the practice of scalping with the Scalping Proclamation of 1756 by the governor of Pennsylvania, who offered rewards for the scalps of Indians---men, women and children. Many quotes. Illustration.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Argument
The Scythians
Scalping Traditions in Europe
The importation of Scalping
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Counter to this perspective is the more conventional and generally accepted view that scalping was a rite and practice that can be found in pre-Columbian America. This assertion is based on a few archeological finds which hint at the practice of scalping through physical marks on skulls. However, there is no unanimity that these archeological finds are conclusive proof of the earlier practice of scalping by the indigenous inhabitants of the continent."
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European Influence on Native American Tribes, 2006.
This paper examines the continuing and devastating impact the Europeans, particularly the English, have had on the Native American people.
1,084 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The writer of paper explores the current situation affecting the majority of the once proud Native Americans who now suffer from alcohol and substance abuse as well as declining general health. This paper historically details the life of Native Americans prior to the arrival of the English. The Native Americans lived in relative harmony with their surroundings and as contributing members to the land. This paper examines how the arrival of the English brought with them domination and a disrespect for the harmonious way of life the Native Americans had adopted. This paper discusses the fact that the English introduced alcohol to the Native-Americans. Prior to the introduction of alcohol the natives were seen as fit, athletic and lean people, whereas the people of today are often seen as obese and sickly. The writer contends and explains why alcohol is not the only problem introduced by the Europeans. This paper examines the the cultural genocide that has occurred among the natives who suffer from higher than average death rates, higher tuberculosis rates and a generally poor overall level of health.
From the Paper
"Alcohol abuse is no the only problem introduced by the Europeans; today as a result of the cultural genocide that has occurred among the Native Americans, people living in these communities often suffer from higher than average general death rates, higher infant mortality and childhood death rates, higher tuberculosis rates and a general poor overall level of health regardless of ones age. In addition there is a generally inaccessibility to adequate health care facilities and a tremendous lack of preventive programs for health improvement among the population, all of which can contribute to an increased abuse of alcohol and other addictive substances. Most natives probably content themselves with living an impoverished lifestyle and have to turn to substances to take their mind off of the poor quality of life and healthy they must endure day after day."
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Art in Non-Western Society, 2006.
This paper reviews and analyzes a Native American Iroquois ritual object; a turtle rattle, ca 1890.
879 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper details the artistic and cultural significance of an Iroquois ritual object; a turtle rattle, ca 1890, which was found in North America. This paper contains a detailed description of the object, a large turtle rattle which is composed of the complete shell and skin of a snapping- turtle, 12-14 inches long, with head and neck stretched and held by stick splints to form a handle. The writer describes how this and other similar objects were used in Native Americans ceremonies and healing rituals. This paper delves into the significance of this and other artistic objects that were intrinsic to the native way of life. These objects were created in prehistoric times for utilitarian purposes.
Table of Contents:
Brief Description
Description
Research
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The turtle rattle was also a musical instrument in ceremonial use. One of its most important functions was its significance in the False Face ceremonies. One of the most distinguishing features of the Iroquois belief system is the reliance on the mask for religious and ritual purposes. These masks are often designated as False Faces. This term refers to the first False Face and the mythical origins of protective and healing spirits. They are used in introductory and agricultural rituals. The turtle rattles play a significant part in these important rituals. The turtle rattle is therefore integrated with the overall understanding of the origin myths of the Iroquois Indians. The turtle rattle is also seen as a powerful object in its own right and not just a decorative or musical piece."
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